Arab (Ar "nomad") -- Arabia
Basil II Bulgaroktonos (Gk "Bulgar-slayer") -- Macedonian renaissance
Badr (battle)
Bedouins -- (domestication of the) camel
Byzantine (adj.) -- Byzantium (n.)
Caliph (Ar "vicar, substitute [for the Prophet]") / Caliphate
Corpus Iuris Civilis (CIC; Lat "Compilation of Civil Legislation") -- Codex -- Digest -- Institutes -- Novellae
Cyril & Methodius -- glagolitic -- cyrillic -- Old Church Slavonic
dhimmi (Ar "protected [peoples]," the so-called "peoples of the Book") -- jizya ("poll tax")
Dome of the Rock
emir (Ar "general") / emirate
Five Pillars of Islam -- zakat (Ar "alms") -- salat ("prayer") -- hajj (Ar "pilgrimage") -- Ramadan -- Shahada (Ar "profession [of faith]")
Greek fire
hadith (Ar "tradition," "custom")
Hagia Sophia ([pron. "AH-ya SO-fi-ya"] Gk "holy wisdom")
hijra (Ar "migration") -- Muslim calendar: AH (anno hegirae, "in the year of the hijra ...") -- lunar calendar
icon -- iconoclasm (Gk "breaking of icons") -- Leo III the Isaurian
Islam (Ar "submission") -- Muslim
Jahim (Ar "raging fire," "inferno," "hell") / Jahannam (Ar "hell," "Gehenna")
jihad (Ar "striving, struggle [in the path of God]")
Justinian I -- Theodora -- Procopius -- Justinianic plague -- silk
Mecca -- Ka'aba -- Quraysh -- Medina (formerly known as Yathrib)
the mountain arena
Muhammad -- last prophet (Ar khatam an-nabiyyin, "seal of prophets") -- doctrtine of Jewish & Christian scriptural distortion (tahrif) -- doctrine of prophets' impeccability (i.e. prophets are incapable of sinning)
Ravenna
Qur'án (Ar "recitation") -- "Iqra!" (Ar imperative: "read! recite!")
Sassanid empire -- Ctesiphon -- Chosroes II -- Heraclius -- True Cross
Shari'a
Slavs -- Avars -- Bulgars -- Lombards
strategos (pl. strategoi) -- theme (Gk thema, pl. themata)
Sunni -- Sunnat Allah (Ar "God's providence," "the path prescribed by God") -- Shi'i / Shi'ite -- Shi'at 'Ali (Ar "Ali's faction")
Sura[h]
taqwa (Ar "mindfulness," "righteousness," "moral vigilance")
Turkic (languages, peoples)
Umayyad -- Damascus -- Abbasid -- Baghdad -- Fatimid -- Cairo -- Mamluk
ummah (Ar "nation," "community [of the faithful]")