Isabel V. Hull, Sexuality, State and Civil
Society
in Germany. 1700-1850. (CU Press, 1996).
In particular "The Infanticide Debate" (p. 111 ff);
also
p. 283 ff.
Barbara Becker-Cantarino offers a feminist reading. "Witch and Infanticide: Imaging the Female in Faust I." Goethe Year Book, vol VII (1994).
On infanticide among humans please read a piece in the NY Times Magazine, 11-2-97, "Why They Kill Their Newborns" by Steven Pinker, professor of psychology at MIT. Please note that the scenarios presented here shed little light on Gretchen's act. A few key quotes:
"A mother who murders her baby commits an immoral
act,
but not necessarily a pathological one. Neonaticide may be a byproduct
of maternal wiring."
"But it's hard to maintain that neonaticide is an
illness
when we learn that it has been practiced and accepted in most cultures
throughout history. And that neonaticidal women do not commonly show
signs
of psychopathology. In a classic 1970 study of statistics of child
killing,
a psychiatrist, Phillip Resnick, found that mothers who kill their older
children are frequently psychotic, depressed or suicidal, while mothers
who kill their newborns are usually not."
"Killing a baby is an immoral act, and we often express
our outrage at the immoral by calling it a sickness. But normal human
motives
are not always moral, and neonaticide does not have to be a product of
malfunctioning neural circuitry or a dysfunctional upbringing."
"In most societies documented by anthropologists,
including
those of hunter-gatherers ... a woman lets a newborn die when its
prospects
for survival to adulthood are poor. ... Moreover, she might be young
enough
to try again. We are all descendants of women who made difficult
decisions
that allowed them to become grandmothers in an unforgiving world, and
we
inherited the brain circuitry that led to those decisions. ... the
statistics
on neonaticide in contemporary North America parallel those in the
anthropological
literature. The women who sacrifice their offspring tend to be young,
poor,
unmarried and socially isolated."
In the scene At The Well, Gretchen herself
describes
the sequence of events best and in all their fateful simplicity. It is
the progress from "sin" to "shame", that is to public disgrace as soon
as her private transgression becomes "visible" as pregnancy. Already
here
the painful confusion over her private perception ("good, dear love",
lines
3585/6) and public judgment ("slut", line 3753) which will eventually
drive
her mad is obvious. In her derangement and despair she will destroy the
evidence against her, that is, drown her child.
In Murnau's Faust film, a 1926 silent classic,
Gretchen's infanticide is clearly presented as an act committed in a
state
of mental confusion, the homeless young mother mistakes a snow drift
for
a cradle. Her search for shelter recalls the biblical "there was no
room
for them in the inn" (Luke 2,7).
For a comprehensive treatment of the phenomenon consult the volume on our reserve shelf in the Uris Library Reading Room: Infanticide. Comparative Evolutionary Perspectives. Eds.: Glenn Hausfater and Sarah Blaffer Hrdy. Aldine Publishing Co. 1984.
Evolutionary biology and human social behavior: an anthropological perspective, edited by Napoleon A. Chagnon, William Irons. Duxbury Press. 1979.
Adrian Forsyth, A Natural History of Sex: The ecology and evolution of mating behavior (Chapters, '93) has a chapter called "The ecology of abortion and infanticide."
A chilling piece on the "Evolution of Infanticide"
in
the animal world appeared in the Sep '96 issue of DISCOVER,
incl. bibliography for "Further Reading."
Science News
of May 23, 1998, p. 324, has a brief report on animal models: "Monkeys
provide models of child abuse." See the July 18, 1998 issue for a piece
on infanticide in dolphins (p. 36), and the March 3, 2007 issue about
the
phenomenon among meerkats (p. 138).
Statt Hinrichtung nur Bewaehrungsstrafe fuer Goethes Gretchen
Frankfurt/Main - An Goethes 249. Geburtstag ist Gretchen zu einer Bewaehrungsstrafe verurteilt worden. Die 24jaehrige Susanna Margaretha Brandt, deren tragisches Schicksal der Dichter im "Faust" verarbeitet hatte, war wenige Schritte von ihrem Elternhaus entfernt im Januar 1772 wegen Kindsmordes hingerichtet worden. In einem neuen Prozess nach heutigem Recht kam Roland Kern, Richter am hessischen Staatsgerichtshof, zu einem humaneren Urteil: Zwei Jahre auf Bewaehrung. Er sprach ihr mildernde Umstaende zu. Gretchen sei "Vollwaise, Analphabetin und sexuell unerfahren" gewesen, als sie vom Diener eines hollaendischen Kaufmanns geschaendet wurde. Aus Angst vor dem Verlust ihrer Anstellung als Dienstmagd habe sie in Panik ihren Saeugling kurz nach der Geburt getoetet. Kern stimmte weiter milde, dass Gretchen ein umfassendes Gestaendnis ablegte und die Tat zutiefst bereute.
(From a German Internet News Service).
W. Daniel Wilson, Das Goethe-Tabu, DTV 1999,
p.
7, reports Goethe's own chilling opinion concerning adequate
punishment
for infanticide. The year is 1783, and Goethe is now a member of the
Secret
Council advising the Duke of Weimar. On November 4 of that year he
declares
in writing that it might be advisable to retain the death penalty for
the
crime of infanticide ("dass es fuer das Verbrechen des Kindesmords
raethlicher
seyn moege, die Todtessyrafe beyzubehalten"). One Anna Catharina Hoehne
was in prison at the time for that very crime and was executed on
November
28. A large contingent of militia was present, presumably to prevent
citizen
protest. The Duke preferred to be absent from Weimar, reason unknown,
as
did one Johann Joachim Christoph Bode who left town because he felt
that
this was not punishment but state-sanctioned murder (Morgen gehe ich
nach
Erfurth, um einer hiesigen Koepferey einer Kindermoerderinn aus zu
weichen,
indem es mir nicht als eine Strafe, sondern als ein Staatsmord
vorkommt")
p. 8.