NES 263: Introduction to Biblical History and Archaeology
Fall 2007
Course Syllabus

also ARKEO 263, JWST 263, and RELST 263
http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/nes263/

Student Web Sites

Dr. Jeffrey R. Zorn
Tu-Th 8:40 - 9:55
G24 Goldwinsmith Hall
Credits: 3.0
E: jrz3@cornell.edu 
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Office Hours:
T-R 10:00-11:30
or by appointment
White Hall 407
T: 255-8847
 

































































































































































































 

































































































































































































I. Purpose:
A. To acquaint students with the history, social conditions and material culture of the ancient Canaanites, Israelites and their neighbors through lectures and assignments.
B. To give students the opportunity to explore a specific area of interest on the course subject through writing a term paper and developing a web page.
C. To help students hone their research and writing skills through assignments and a term paper.

II. Course Requirements/Grading:
A. Class Participation: 3%: Show up to class. Attendance will begin being kept the beginning of the third week of the semester. Every missed class deducts 0.5% from your course grade. A class is considered missed if you are more than 10 minutes late. This can run into the negative!
B. Assignments: 5%: 2 short (2 page) assignments will be given out during the semester. Each is worth 2.5 points.
C. Thesis Statement 4 % Thesis statement and preliminary bibliography. Due on Thursday, September 20 (Week 4). Requirements are below.
D. Prelim: 20% on Thursday, Oct. 11 (Week 7).
E. Term Paper: 21%: Research any archaeological/historical subject of interest to you having to do with the history, archaeology, culture, literature, religion, etc. of ancient Canaan/Israel. 7 pages. Requirements are below. Due on Tuesday, Oct. 23 (Week 9)
F. Web Site: 23% Turn your term paper into a web page. Requirements are below. Due on Monday, Dec. 3 at 10:00 a.m.
G. Final Exam: 24% on Wednesday, Dec. 12, 2:00 - 4:30 p.m.

Note: I will have to miss class on Nov. 15 because I will be attending a conference. A make up class will be scheduled for some evening during the latter half of the semester.

It is a general rule of thumb that for every hour of course credit, you should spend two hours working outside the class. The work load for this class is designed with this rule in mind. Expect to spend ca. 4 hours per week on readings and 2-3 on the paper and web site.

Course attendance is mandatory. If a student is 10 minutes or more late to class that is counted as an absence. The University recognizes excusable absences only for family emergencies, medical situations, religious observances, away-game varsity sports events in which you participate, and job interviews. This semester several of the Jewish holidays overlap a class day. If you will miss class due to religious observances you must inform me by email before hand. I can not guess on these things (and suggest guessing might be called “racial profiling”!)

The equivalent of ˝ letter grade will be subtracted for each class session missed, or for each full class session the term paper or any writing assignment is late. That is, if an assignment is due in class on Tuesday it is considered late (and subject to penalty) if it is not handed in by class on Thursday of that week. The same penalty applies for each full day the web site is late. If a student shows improvement over the course of the semester later work will be weighted more heavily in the final grade than early work.

How to understand your grade(s).
During the course of the semester you will receive back exams, assignments and papers which will list two scores: the score for the particular exam/assignment, and a score marked CCG. CCG stands for Current Course Grade. If for some reason you had to have a grade for the course on that day, that would be the score used to compute the grade. The CCG is a composite of all your exams, assignments and attendance to that date.

A score of 70.0 to 72.9 is a C-, 73-76.9 is a C, and 77.0-79.9 a C+, and so on. There is no rounding of scores (either up or down). The only exception is for those students who have shown steady and marked improvement over the semester. Such a student, who has, for example, a score of 89.6 (B+), may be nudged up to an A-.

If you are taking this course S/U you must have a final score for the class of at least 70.0 to pass.

Grades for this course are never changed after the final grades are posted. If, based on your assignments and/or exams, you are worried about your final class grade, the time to see me is not long after the term paper is graded and handed back. Do not wait until the last week of the semester! I do not hand out extra assignments or make-up work (If I were to do this for one student, to be fair I would have to make the same offer to all students); I will give you advice on how to study better, and suggest ways to improve your final web project. If you are on any sort of academic probation you should let me know about this as soon as possible.

I will check in with the adviser of any student who misses a substantial number of class (7+), or who gets a D grade (70<) on the prelim or the term paper, to evaluate if any special steps need to be taken on the student’s behalf.

If you have any type of impairment (e.g. bi-polar disorder) which may affect your performance in this class you should let me know during the first week of the semester and provide me with proper university documentation for the impairment. If any such condition should arise during the course of the semester I should be notified of it immediately. You should not come to me after the final grades have been posted and ask for extra consideration. The same applies to any sort of family related crisis such as a grave illness or death. You must notify me immediately if any situation arises which may or will affect your performance in the class. This also applies to work extensions. The syllabus outlines all course work with deadlines known well in advance. Due not ask the instructor for extensions for other then a real crisis.

Do not ask to take the final on a date other than that given in the exam schedule except for a real crisis situation. Do not make travel arrangements to leave Cornell until after you have completed the exam.

III. University Regulations:
As per University regulations this class observes the following policies.
A. No toleration for any form of discrimination or harassment.
B. Due consideration for those with properly documented impairments.
C. Zero tolerance of plagiarism, which is the passing off of someone else's work as one's own. This includes, but is not limited to: having someone do your work for you and inadequate documentation of the ideas of others in your own work.

IV. Course Text Books:
A. Shanks, H. ed.
1999 Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple rev. ed. Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. Olin DS121 .A53x 1999

B. Mazar, A.
1992 Archaeology of the Land of the Bible 10,000-586 B.C.E. Paperback. New York: Doubleday. Olin and Uris BS621.M47.

C. Isserlin, B.S.J.
2001 The Israelites. London: Thames and Hudson. Paperback. Olin + DS 121 .I87x 1998

D. Bible A modern translation (not KJV), and not a paraphrase (e.g. The Living Bible).
Note: No Bibles were placed on order through the campus store. Many people own Bibles, or have particular preferences for translations, or want to keep costs down. Most book stores carry a variety of translations in a budget that anyone can afford. Virtually every translation/version of the Bible is available on line somewhere. Just search around! One example is BibleGateway at
http://www.biblegateway.com/ The Anchor Bible Dictionary (below) has an extremely useful and searchable Biblical text.

V. Reference Reading List:
These are encyclopedias/dictionaries which you will find invaluable in preparing your term paper.

A. Freedman, D.N. ed.
1992 The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday. BS440.A53.1992, Olin and Uris Reference. There is a CD version of this work in the Electronic Text Library in Olin. It is much more useful than the printed version due to its free form search capabilities. This is definitely a student's key bibliographic resource for this class.

B. Meyers, E.M. ed.
1997 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. New York: Oxford University Press. +DS56.O19.1997, Olin Reference. Short general articles on many subjects.

C. Redford, D. B. ed.
2001 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt.  New York: Oxford University Press. DT58 .O94x 2001 +, Olin Reference. Various articles on Egypt.

D. Sasson, J. M. ed.
1995 Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. DS57.C55x.1995 Uris Reference. Longer articles on a more restricted range of subjects.

E. Stern, E. ed.
1993 The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. DS111.A2.E612.1993, Uris Reference. Excellent coverage of archaeological sites.

F. Biblical Archaeology Review - This is an extremely useful popular magazine which covers all aspects of Biblical Archaeology and is profusely illustrated. You may find it helpful when looking for illustrations for your paper and site. Olin + BS620.A1 B583. Its sister publication is Bible Review which deals more with textual and literary discussions; also well illustrated. BR is no longer being published, but old issues are still valuable. Olin + BS410 .B565. If you are very interested in either subject you may want to subscribe to BAR. You may find out about how to subscribe by going to the Biblical Archaeology Society web page at: http://www.bib-arch.org/

G. Electronic and Hard Copy Publication Indexes
1. Arts & Humanities Citation Index: http://www.webofscience.com/ (Goes back to mid-80's)
2. Periodical Abstracts: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb (Goes back to mid-80's)
3. Religion Index I: ATLA religion database on CD-ROM (Olin Reference non-circulating; Disk Z 7753 .A88). Also available in hard copy (Olin Library Oversize + Z 7753 .I38)
4. Uncover: http://uncweb.carl.org/ (You can sometimes buy the articles on line and have them sent to you)

H. A Note on the Web, Google and other Online Sources:
The Web/Internet is a great source of information, but the old Latin expression Caveat Emptor! (Let the buyer beware!) is even more applicable to the world of internet resources than it was to ancient merchants. Anyone with access to the Internet and basic web authoring skills can put up a web site. Because these sites are not peer-reviewed by scholars there is no telling what the real quality of the site will be. Always, always check the credentials of the person who has created the site. E.g. you might Google on the creator’s name and find that he/she is a respected professor somewhere, or a well known nut-case. Also, if the material you find on the site seems to be a variance with what you are finding elsewhere, you might think twice about it and do a bit more research to check out its conclusions.

That being said, there are a few useful on-line resources that are accessible through the Cornell University Library computer system:
JSTOR
RAMBI: Index of Articles on Jewish Studies
Biblical Archaeology Review is partially available on-line (1998-2001); check the catalogue
Google Scholar is available from anywhere and also worth consulting

A special warning on Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) This resource is in a constant state of flux. Articles are written by anyone who wants to write about the subject, but they can be altered by anyone else. Even a student in this class could add an article, and then find it changed sometime later. If someone does not have the knowledge/savvy (or is just plain too lazy) to create his/her own web site, that person can just add an article to Wikipedia. So, if you look at this resource, be doubly sure you double check the data you retrieve. Some of it is very good, other parts are pure trash.

VI. Course Outline
A. Week 1: Aug. 26 - Sept. 1
1. Introduction. The History of Scholarly Research
2. Sources: Biblical and extra-Biblical Texts
3. Sources: Archaeological Materials
4. Readings:
a. Mazar: 1-34
b. Isserlin: Chapter 1

B. Week 2:Sept. 2 - 8
1. Geography. The Physical Setting
2. Chronology. How We Know What Happened When
3. Neolithic to Chalcolithic: The Beginnings of Agriculture and Village Life
4. Readings:
a. Mazar: 35-90

C. Week 3: Sept. 9 - 15
1. Early Bronze I-III: From Villages to the First Period of Urbanism
2. Agriculture: Farming and Animal Husbandry
3. Readings:
a. Mazar: 91-150

Rosh Hashana Sept. 12-14: Class as normal

D. Week 4: Sept. 16-22
1. EB IV/MB I and the Middle Bronze II: The Age of the Patriarchs?
2. Food Processing and Storage: Eating and Drinking
3. Readings:
a. Shanks: 1-32
b. Mazar: 151-231
c. Bible: Genesis 1-11, 24-28.5

Thesis Statement/Introduction and Annotated Bibliography due Thursday, Sept. 20

E. Week 5: Sept. 23 - 29
1. LB I: Canaan and the Egyptian Empire
2. Writing: Of Scripts, Languages and Scribes
3. Readings:
a. Mazar: 232-264
b. Isserlin: Chapter 10
c. Bible: Exodus 21

Sukkot Sept. 26-Oct. 3: Class as normal

F. Week 6: Sept. 30 - Oct. 6
1. LB II: The International Era and the Exodus
2. Building Techniques: Why Houses Stand Up, and Fall Down.
3. Readings:
a. Shanks: 33-54
b. Mazar: 264-294
c. Bible: Exodus 1-3, 12-14; Deuteronomy 1-3

G. Week 7: Oct. 7 - 13
1. Prelim on Thursday, Oct. 11, in class
 

H. Week 8: Oct. 14- 20
1. Iron I: Conquest or Settlement? Judges, Philistines and the Beginning of the Monarchy
2. Metallurgy: Ironing out a Golden Opportunity.
3. Readings:
a. Shanks: 55-90
b. Mazar: 295-367
c. Isserlin: Chapters 2 and 7
d. Bible: Joshua: 5-12; Judges 1-4, 1 Samuel 7-10, 16-19

4. Into to Web Authoring Lab, Oct. 16 in G27 Stimson Hall, during class time

Term Paper Due on Tuesday, Oct. 23

I. Week 9: Oct. 21 - Oct. 27
1. Iron IIa: The Era of David and Solomon and the End of the United Monarchy
2. Video: King David (Richard Gere) on Thursday, March 30
3. Readings:
a. Shanks 91-128
b. Mazar: 368-402
c. Isserlin: Chapter 4
d. Bible: 1 Kings 1-11

J. Week 10: Oct. 28 - Nov 3
1. Jerusalem in the Iron Age
2. Town Planning, Settlement Distributions, and Population Estimates
3. Readings:
a. Mazar: 417-427
b. Isserlin: Chapter 5

K. Week 11: Nov. 4 - 10
1. Iron IIb-c: The Kingdom of Israel
2. Water Systems: Water for a Thirsty World
3. Readings:
a. Shanks: 129-174
b. Mazar: 406-416
c. Isserlin: Chapter 8
d. Bible: 2 Kings 14-17; Amos 1-4

L. Week 12: Nov. 11 - 17
1. Iron IIb-c: The Kingdom of Judah
2. Warfare: The Chariot Era
3. Readings:
a. Shanks 175-200
b. Mazar: 416-462
c. Isserlin: Chapter 9
d. Bible: Isaiah 36-37; 2 Kings 18-25

M. Week 13: Nov. 18 - 24
1. Israel’s Neighbors: Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites
2. Burial Practices and Sheol: Death in the World of the Bible
3. Readings:
a. Mazar: 531-550
b. Isserlin: Chapter 11
N. Week 14: Nov. 25 - Dec. 1

1. The Babylonian Period
2. Cult: The Religion of Israel before the Bible
3. Readings:
a. Shanks: 201-218
b. Mazar: 463-530
c. Bible: Jeremiah 40-42

Web Site Due Monday, Dec. 3, at 10:00 a.m.

Final Exam on Wednesday, Dec. 12, 2:00-4:30

Please note that I will not be giving any early Final Exams except per normal university regulations. This means that you should not make plans to leave the university before the end of this exam.

VII. Exam formats:
The two exams will have the same format, the final will be slightly longer than the prelim. The final will cover only material from the prelim onward, but references to material from the first part of the semester, where appropriate, earn extra credit and favorably impress the instructor. Each exam will have 3 sections. You will have some leeway in your choice of questions to answer; e.g. you will be allowed to select 10 of 12, 12 of 15, etc. There are also extra credit questions.
A. Map. There will be a map of Canaan/Israel with dots on it and a list of sites and geographic features. The number of the site/feature has to be written on the map next to the appropriate dot.
B. Slide Identification. Slides of artifacts or buildings will be shown which are drawn from Mazar (or are from another source but show something from Mazar). To get full credit you must give three pieces of information: the name of the object/structure, the time period to which it belongs (e.g. Late Bronze II) or its rough chronological date (e.g. 1300 BC), where it was found, or its significance.
C. Short Essay. Approximately half of the exam will be devoted to short essays which test your ability to integrate the diverse material you have been studying.

The web site has some example questions so you can develop an idea of what is expected.

VIII. Term Paper and Web Site Requirements:
Please note that the requirements given below for the term paper and web site are minimum requirements for earning an average (= C-ish) grade on either project. Those wishing a higher grade should do additional work.

A. Purpose:
There are three purposes to the term paper/web site project. First, to allow students the opportunity to explore a topic of their own choosing on the culture of ancient Canaan or Israel in depth. Second, to help students hone their writing abilities in the general field of the humanities. Third, to acquaint students with a few of the basics of web design, an increasingly important skill in this web surfing world.

B. Preliminary Drafts:
It is strongly encouraged that students submit preliminary drafts of their papers and web sites to me no less than four days before their due dates. There is usually little chance of making substantive changes to such work on drafts turned in later. Students who thoughtfully implement changes to their papers/projects due to written or oral feedback often receive at least a half letter grade better score than they would otherwise.

C. Preliminary Thesis Statement/Introduction and Annotated Bibliography:
On Thursday, Sept. 20 a preliminary thesis statement/introduction and annotated bibliography are due. If you plan to change your thesis after this initial phase of research you must inform me no later than the last week of September. It is virtually impossible to research and write a good term paper after that date. Your preliminary bibliography should have at least 4 sources.

Your preliminary thesis statement must include the following elements:
1. Brief introductory background information.
2. Thesis statement in the form of a question.
3. Methodology statement explaining how the question will be answered.
The introductory paragraphs are the most crucial part of any paper. They provide the initial background information necessary to help orient a reader to the subject. They pose a question/problem/issue which is interesting and thus worthy of investigation and resolution. They explain how the writer will go about answering the proposed question (i.e. the methodology). Term papers usually fail in their purpose if the introduction is not well thought out. Background information is important because someone reading your paper may not be familiar with such a specialized topic and will thus need information such as “who, what, when, and where” to fully understand and appreciate it. Framing a thesis as a question helps force the writer to come to grips with what he/she really feels is the most exciting aspect of the subject. It is easy to write a general encyclopedic paper summarizing the information on a subject, but what is it within that data which is really interesting? That is why phrasing it as a question is so important. Methodology, often overlooked in undergraduate papers, explains how the writer intends to approach and resolve the issue. If a writer can not explain how he/she will answer a question it may be that the question cannot be answered, or needs to be rephrased/reworked so that it can be answered.

Here are some example thesis statements:
1. Solomon and Ahab were great kings of ancient Israel.
2. In many ways kings Solmon and Ahab are very similar, yet the author of the book of Kings portrays the former as a hero and the latter as a villain.
3. In many ways kings Solmon and Ahab are very similar, why then does the book of Kings portray the former in a favorable light and the latter as a villain?
The final example has the best chance of gaining the reader’s interest as it engages him/her in a quest to solve a riddle, or to go along on an interesting journey of discovery. The other two are statements or assertions which do not challenge the reader’s imagination.

Sample Introductory Paragraph based on thesis 3.
(Background) Solomon and Ahab were powerful kings who ruled over Israel in the 10th and 9th centuries B.C. In many ways their reigns were remarkably similar. Both are thought to have been great builders (both built temples to their Gods in their national capitals) and both possessed powerful chariot forces. Both were active in the sphere of international diplomacy, marrying foreign princesses in order to cement good relations with neighbors. Similarly, both followed cultic practices that diverged from the norms promulgated by the Biblical authors; for example, both built shrines for the gods of their foreign wives in their capitals. Solomon, however, was, for the most part, pardoned by the authors of Kings for his misdeeds, while Ahab was vilified by the same authors on an epic scale. (Thesis Question) Was Ahab truly that much more “evil” than Solomon, or are the Biblical authors simply biased in their appraisal? (Methodology) A review of Biblical texts, Assyrian annals, and archaeological materials will set the stage for an historical understanding of the era in which these two kings lived. This will be followed by a detailed analysis of the pertinent Biblical texts in which the theological-historical agenda of the Biblical authors is evaluated in terms of how they portray and judge these kings.

This preliminary work will help me better focus your research and suggest ways to better organize your material. It will also show me if you have selected a suitable topic for this class, of if your efforts will need to be redirected. E.g. a paper on Egyptian burial practices would not be appropriate for this class.

An annotated bibliography contains standard bibliographic citations, each with a short paragraph explaining the general nature of the source, and its importance for your paper. An annotation should not be something so banal and generic that it says nothing about the value of the source. E.g. “This work provides valuable insights about Mesopotamian laws,” is not very useful, and in fact, could be simply lifted from the title of the work. This preliminary bibliography will help me to steer you to additional or more useful sources. The reference works listed at the beginning of the syllabus are key resources!

B. Term Paper Requirements:
The paper can cover any topic on the history, archaeology, art, culture, literature, religion, etc. of ancient Canaan/Israel from the Stone Age to the end of the Iron Age. It may be a comparative study examining some aspect of Canaanite/Israelite culture in relation to another near eastern society. It may not be a report exclusively on a topic which has nothing to do with Canaan/Israel (g.g. Mesopotamian burial practices of the third millennium would not be acceptable). Once I have seen your preliminary thesis it will be clear if your focus needs to be redirected.

Your grade will be based partially on research and partially on writing skill. You may have an excellent idea, and have done dozens of hours of research, but if your grammar is atrocious, word choice poor, notes inadequate, and bibliography haphazardly formatted, you will receive a lower grade. Conversely, an extremely well-written and formatted paper with no real research done, and full of vague generalizations will also receive a lower grade.

Your paper must be structured in the following way. First an introduction following the format set out above for the preliminary thesis statement. The main part of your paper will be where you marshal your data and arguments. You will end with a summary of your presentation and a conclusion which explains why and how your presentation proves your thesis.

The body of the paper must be at least 7 full pages in length; bibliography, notes, illustrations, etc. are not included in these 7 pages. Use 1" margins on all sides. Do not use a font larger than 12 point or smaller than 10. Use a standard font, such as Times Roman, no whacky font types. Basically no gimmicks designed to pad the length of your paper. Double space throughout, except foot/endnotes (in-text citations are preferred). All pages must be numbered. The title page must include the paper title, course number, date and your name.

Use proper academic form in your paper. In-text citations are preferred. Note that any illustrations you use must be credited to the proper source, just like a text citation (E.g. Fig. 1 (Zorn Fig. 312); or (Zorn 23, illustration in top right corner)).

You must include a photocopied page of the title page of each book you have used in your paper at the end of the bibliography. For articles provide a copy of the first page of the article. For web sites use the home page of the site.

Do not use contractions (e.g. “aren’t,” “didn’t”) in formal writing. You will be graded down for this

The bibliography/works cited must contain at least 7 sources which you have consulted in the preparation of your paper. At least 3 of these must be articles from journals, encyclopedias, or dictionaries. You may only use more than 2 electronic sources (e.g. CD’s, web sites, e-mail) if you have at least 5 non-electronic sources (i.e. you can’t use Google exclusively). If you use an electronic resource such as JSTOR, which simply makes already existing hard copy sources available over the Web, this does not count against the limit of 2 electronic sources. You may cite the course texts books and the Bible, but these do not count towards the 7 required sources. If you list a work in your bibliography it must be referenced in the body of the paper; i.e. if it is important enough to list in the bibliography it must have provided you with some significant data for your paper topic. I prefer MLA format, but others are acceptable, as long as documentation is full. A convenient source for this is Diana Hacker’s A Writers Reference. Many of you have used this in your First Year Writing Seminar. Papers with improperly formatted bibliographies will receive lower scores than they would otherwise receive.

I will help you with your bibliography. However, before coming to me for help in finding references you must do a little work yourself. Look through the bibliographic material in the course text books, check through the reference works cited above, check the university computer catalogues, consult with the university librarians, use Google Scholar. Once you have taken these first steps you should come to me, explain what you have done so far, and explain any difficulties you are having finding references. I will not give help on bibliography the week the paper is due, so ask early on.

C. Specific Web Site Requirements:

Our society is being driven more and more by the Internet; much useful data and many products are available on the Web. In the old days to get a head in the world it was sufficient to be a decent writer. This is no longer the case. Having a certain amount of computer savvy is also important. Most of you have already surfed the Internet. The purpose of this exercise is to introduce you to Web authoring, a skill which is in increasing demand.

Warning, if you have never created a web page before, start on it as soon as your paper is complete. In fact, you may want to think about suitable illustrations as you are working on the paper. While setting up a basic site, with a proper web authoring program, is not difficult, it is time consuming.

The biggest mistake that some students make is to do the absolute minimum for the web site, and then wonder about their C grade. Avoid placing your entire text on one page, your bibliography on another, and each illustration on its own page. This is a couple of hours of work and will not earn a very high grade.

Your web project is a second or final draft of your term paper. Your grade on the web site will depend partially on how well you design and implement the project, and also on its content. If changes or recommendations were suggested on your term paper these should be pursued in the web project. If you receive a C on the term paper, then do not expect an A on the web project, no mater how slickly presented, unless you improve upon your basic text. If additional research was suggested as feedback on your term paper this should be pursued. You should continue to strive to improve the content while you repackage it for the Web. All general term paper requirements apply. I.e. you must include a bibliography, and all your ideas and material must be properly documented in notes.

On Tuesday, Oct. 16, we will meet with ATC staff, in Stimson Hall G27 (the computer lab). This meeting will orient you to the resources available at Cornell for creating Web pages. This meeting will be in lieu of a class session.

Web authoring is a time consuming task. You should feel free to consult the ATC staff as often as you need help. You may not ask another person to design and build the site for you. This is the equivalent of buying a term paper and is regarded as “cheating” However, if you have friends with more computer savvy than you possess, do not be afraid to ask for help with mechanical procedures such as getting an illustration in the right part of the page. There may be helpful free/shareware on the Internet which you can download. You are free to purchase web authoring programs if you like. Cornell’s computer labs also have more sophisticated web authoring soft ware, scanners, etc.

Before you set out to design your page you should surf the Net a bit and look at a variety of sites. Notice the things you like and dislike about how they look and work and take this to heart as you design your own site. What makes the site attractive? What makes it easy to navigate. Evaluate what makes a poor site poor.

Think about the logical arrangement of your site. A written paper proceeds in a linear fashion. A Web site does not have to be linear (though of course it can be). If you want to rewrite or rearrange your paper into a format which better accommodates it to the Web, you should do it. The web site does not have to be a slavish copy of the paper, but it should include all the same material as the paper.

A superior web site is easy to navigate around. Buttons/Links are in the right place for easy access (e.g. always on top, or on the left side). Each separate page should have a clearly defined role. Watch out for simple, clumsy, easy to correct errors. E.g. just as your printed text does not run up to the edge of the paper, your web text should not go to the edge of the screen (i.e. remember margins!)

A basic tip is to keep image file sizes fairly small. Monitors only display at 75 dpi (dots per inch) so high resolution images of 300+ dpi are useless (unless you imagine that viewers will want to download and print them). Nothing is more annoying than waiting for several minutes while several unnecessarily large graphic files are loading (not everyone has broadband yet!). When you scan and edit your images keep your images a reasonable size. Also be aware that you should save them as .jpg or .gif formatted files. I recommend that no single web page have more than ca. 500 Kb worth of graphics on it. If you need to use a large graphic file, put it on another page with a link to it that says how large it is. This warns your readers before they try to hop to it.

Another issue is the use of background images. Make sure that if you use one it does not obscure the material you are presenting, or make the font unreadable. Also make sure that it is not a huge file that takes minutes to load. The same with colored backgrounds. E.g. if you use a background that is dark blue, avoid black text. Even certain bright colors look awful against dark backgrounds (e.g. light green).

The web site must include at least 4 internal links. I.e. your web site cannot be a single page with everything loaded on to it. E.g. you could have a main page and links to a map, a translation of a text, a list of seals bearing a particular iconographic symbol and a bibliography page. A link to an external site which is relevant to your paper is not required, but will earn you some extra credit.

The web site must include at least 4 illustrations, 2 of which may not be on the main page; i.e. they must be on linked pages. Again, this is the minimum for a passing grade, not an “A” grade.

You must provide proper documentation (“notes”) for all materials you use in your web page, just as in the term paper. In addition, you must provide proper documentation for the illustrations you use. If you take them from a printed source you must cite them by the illustration number, or by the page number (and position on the page if there is more than a single illustration on the page). If the illustration is from a web source you must provide the title of the web site and the specific section of the site where the illustration is found, the URL of that section, and the author of the site.

You may use, but are not required to use, sound files or video clips if they are relevant to your work.

Finally, be sure to check that your site looks right on a computer other than your own, and on a browser other than your own. If you use a PC check it on a Mac. If you use Internet Explorer as your browser, view it on Netscape. You may want to include a comment on which browser and at what resolution the site looks best.

As with the term paper on which it is based, I will be happy to review any student’s web page 4 days prior to the deadline. Following up on such feedback will almost certainly improve your grade and is highly recommended.

IX. Paper Topic Examples:
Below are some examples of types of term papers which could be done for NES 263. This is not an exhaustive list, nor are they required topics; they are intended as inspiration and guidance.

Was King David any more or less blood thirsty on campaign than an Assyrian king?
Was Saul a successful ruler?
Were Israel's relations with Edom hostile or amicable and why?
How can the Biblical text, the annals of Sennacherib and archaeological materials be used to reconstruct the Assyrian invasion of Judah in 701 BC?

Why did chariots become larger in the Iron Age?
What role did foreign mercenaries play in the kingdom of Judah, and who were they?

What did the Cherubim and Seraphim look like and how did they function in Israelite iconography?
Did Israelites sacrifice children?
How large a role did priests play in secular politics?
What role(s) did women play in Israelite cult (or perhaps in society in general)?
How wide-spread was literacy in Israel?
Compare Mesopotamian and Israelite law codes; do they reflect similar social backgrounds?
Is Israelite wisdom literature (E.g. Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes) more similar to Mesopotamian or Egyptian wisdom literature?
What to the archaeological remains of Samaria and Jerusalem tell us about the roles of ancient political centers in Israel?
How did gates function as civic centers in Israel?
What role did wine serve in Israelite society?
What roles do gardens serve in Israelite literature and society?

Here are a few topics related to Israelite cult:
Were the Prophets Nuts? Acting Out God's Word.
Chemosh, Ba'al and Yahweh: Envisioning a National Deity.
Altared Facts: The Form and Function of Israelite Altars.
Women and Cult in Ancient Israel.
Is a High Place really High? Cultic Architecture Beyond the Temple.
The Use of Ivories in Reconstructing the Decoration of Solomon's Temple.
Real Ba'al Busters: The Threat of the Phoenician Cult and the Prophetic Response.
Why Pigs Are Not Kosher: The Origins of Jewish Dietary Laws
When God Gets Mad: Holy War in Israel and Assyria.
May the Bes God Win: A Minor Aspect of Egyptian Cult in Israel.
Trick or Treaties: The Israelite Covenant with Yahweh and Near Eastern Treaty Forms.
Sexual Imagery and Fertility Cults.
Festival! The Origins of Israelite Pilgrimages
Levi Genes: Subsidiary Cultic Personnel in Ancient Israel.
Chariots of Fire: Divine Modes of Transportation.
Why a Flood? Divine Punishment in Israel and Mesopotamia.