Part I: Names and definitions
1. Name the 8 specification divisions in the MasterFormat system that come immediately after #1 "General Requirements." That is, name divisions #2 through #9. [8 points]
division 2. sitework; 3. concrete; 4. masonry; 5. metals; 6. wood and plastics; 7. thermal and moisture protection; 8. doors and windows; 9. finishes.

2. What is a "quoin"? Either sketch or describe.
a corner reinforcing of cut stone or bricks in a masonry wall, usually done for decorative effect.

3. What name is given to the white soluable salt deposits that may appear on the surface of masonry walls?
efflorescence.

4. What are "freestones"?
fine grained sedimentary rock that has no visible striations and is therefore easily carved.

5. Name a rock for each of the following categories: a) igneous; b) sedimentary; c) metamorphic. [3 points]
a. granite; b. sandstone/limestone/shale; c. marble/slate

6. Which concrete system consists of flat slabs and a grid of columns, with no dropped beams or articulated capitals? Choose from: flat slab; flat grid; flat plate; flat form.
flat plate

7. In brick construction, what is a "wythe"? Sketch a cross-section through a 3-wythe thick wall.
a vertical "layer" of brick; so a 3-wythe brick wall is one that is 3 bricks thick (i.e., approx. 12" thick).

Part II: How big is it?
8. Name any common nail (e.g., 10 d.) and indicate its length in inches.
examples: 2d. = 1"; 8d. = 2-1/2"; 60d. = 6".

9. What are the two cross-sectional dimensions for a typical residential footing supporting an 8"-thick foundation wall?
16" wide x 8" high.

10. What is the typical floor-to-floor height In a typical steel-framed multi-story office building with suspending ceilings and ducted HVAC system, where the floor-to-ceiling height is 8-feet. Choose the best answer from these choices: 8'-8"; 10'-0"; 12'-0"; 16'-0".
12'-0" (8'-0" ceining height plus 4'-0" space for structure and mechanical ducts).

11. What is the nominal diameter of a No. 8 reinforcing bar?
8 x 1/8" = one inch.

12. What are the actual cross-sectional dimensions of a) a wood 2x4 and b) a wood 4x10?
a. 1-1/2" x 3-1/2"; b. 3-1/2" x 9-1/4"

13. What are the two common nominal thicknesses of dimension lumber?
2 inches and 4 inches

14. What moisture content separates dry and green lumber? Choose the best answer from these choices: 4%; 9%; 18%; 36%
the best answer is 18 percent

Part III: What does it look like?
15. Sketch a typical bolted steel connection between a beam and girder, showing clip angle, notched flange, and corrugated steel deck. [8 points]

16. Sketch a section through a wood platform frame showing the footing, foundation wall, slab on grade, sill plate, threaded rod, joist and header, subfloor, sole plate, studs, double top plate, wall sheathing and siding. Label all parts. [8 points]

17. Sketch an elevation of a brick wall with stretcher, header, and soldier courses. Label each of these course types. [4 points]

18. Sketch elevations of two stone walls, one with ashlar and the other with random rubble coursing. [4 points]

Part IV: Theory and Practice
19. What is a slurry wall (as in World Trade Center) and how is it constructed? [4 points]
a concrete foundation wall that can be cast in place before the site is excavated; a narrow trench is excavated and filled with slurry (a clay mixture) to keep the trench from collapsing; rebar is inserted; then concrete is pumped in, displacing the slurry, which is reused. After the concrete cures, the site can be excavated; sometimes tiebacks are drilled into the site to hold the wall in place.

20. What is the difference between a caisson and pile foundation? What is a friction pile? [4 points]
caissons are cylindrical sitecast concrete foundations that penetrate through poor soil to rest on something more solid; piles are of various materials (steel, wood, concrete) and are driven (hammered) into the ground until a solid stratum is reached, providing adequate bearing capacity for the structure above; friction piles rely on friction between the pile and adjacent soil where bedrock cannot be reached.

21. How do water reducer admixtures make concrete stronger and more durable? [4 points]
water reducers allow less water to be used in the concrete mix without compromising workability; thereby reducing concrete voids caused by the evaporation of excess water which in turn increases strength and durability.

22. In steel casting, what is the difference between a "pattern" and a "mold"? Can the molds be reused? [4 points]
patterns are made from a variety of materials in the shape of the final product or piece to be cast; the molten steel is cast in molds which are made of specially-modified sand from the pattern; the molds cannot be reused as they are destroyed when the casting is removed.

23. List the following three foundation materials in order of their bearing capacity, from best to worst: soft clay; gravel, bedrock. [3 points]
bedrock, gravel, soft clay.

24. Steel, cast iron, and wrought iron have different degrees of strength and ductility, mostly because of the percentage of: _____________ (choose from: carbon, magnesium, nickel, cobalt).

25. Of the three ferrous metals mentioned above, the least ductile (most brittle) is cast iron.

26. Which structural material is either air-dried or kiln-dried? Choose from the following list only: steel, concrete, wood, CMU.

27. Ordinary concrete reaches its design strength in how many days? Choose from: 7; 14; 28; 35.

28. What is the purpose of a formwork tie?
holds the sides of the form together against the lateral pressure of the "wet" concrete.

29. What is the essential difference between balloon and platform framing?
in balloon framing, the studs are continuous from sill to eave; in platform framing, the studs frame one floor at a time, with the "platform" consisting of joists and subfloor providing a base for each level.

30. Both laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and plywood consist of wooden plies glued together. How do they differ (in terms of the orientation of the plies)?
in LVL, the plies are all in the same direction (parallel to the direction of span), while in plywood, the alternating plies are turned 90 degrees.

31. What happens in a masonry wall if the "line of force" is outside the "middle third" of the cross-section?
collapse may occur; at a minimum, tension cracks may begin to form.

32. When should air-entraining admixtures be used in concrete? [4 points]
in exterior work in any climate subject to freeze-thaw cycles.

33. Give an example where type IV Portland Cement (with low heat of hydration) might be used.
projects with large cross-sections (e.g., dams); or projects cast in warm or hot weather.